Input/output (I/O) expansion response processing in a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) environment

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention relate to optimizing EDRAM refresh rates in a high performance cache architecture. A request is received from a requester to perform an operation on an I/O adapters. It is determined if the request is in a format other than a format supported by an I/O bus and if, the requester requires a completion response for the request. The request is transformed into the format supported by the I/O bus and is transmitted to the I/O adapter. The completion response is received from the I/O adapter, and includes an indicator that the request has been completed. The completion response is in the format supported by the I/O bus and is transmitted to the requester.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates generally to processor input/output (I/O) interfacing within a computing environment, and more particularly to processing I/O expansion responses in a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) environment for transactions that do not natively support responses.

PCIe is a component level interconnect standard that defines a bi-directional communication protocol for transactions between I/O adapters and host systems. PCIe communications are encapsulated in packets according to the PCIe standard for transmission on a PCIe bus. Packets originating at I/O adapters and ending at host systems are referred to as upbound packets. Packets originating at host systems and terminating at I/O adapters are referred to as downbound packets. PCIe transactions include a request packet and, if required, a completion packet (also referred to herein as a “response packet”) in the opposite direction. The PCIe topology is based on point-to-point unidirectional links that are paired (e.g., one upbound link, one downbound link) to form the PCIe bus. The PCIe standard is maintained and published by the Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG).

One drawback to the use of PCIe is that all I/O adapters connected to a PCIe bus are required to operate within the parameters defined in the PCIe standard (i.e., they are PCIe compatible I/O adapters). The PCIe standard sets rigid constraints on requests and, completions and on packet packaging and addressing. In some system architectures, for example the IBM® System z® architecture, there is a need to be able to support communications over a PCIe bus between I/O adapters and host systems using transactions that are not supported by the PCIe standard. An example is the ability to communicate with non-PCIe compatible adapters (e.g., I/O expansion adapters), which are typically supporting legacy systems and applications that may be difficult (due, for example to technology issues and/or expense) to convert into the PCIe standard. Thus, while PCIe is suitable for its intended purpose of communicating with PCIe compatible adapters, there remains a need for expanding this capability to allow PCIe to communicate with non-PCIe compatible adapters to support legacy systems.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A system for implementing non-standard input/output (I/O) adapters in a standardized I/O architecture, the system comprising an I/O hub communicatively coupled to an I/O bus and a plurality of I/O adapters, the I/O hub including logic for implementing a method comprising receiving a request from a requester to perform an operation on one of the plurality of I/O adapters. The method further comprising determining that the request is in a format other than a format supported by the I/O bus, determining that the requester requires a completion response for the request, and transforming the request into the format supported by the I/O bus. The method additionally comprising transmitting the request to the I/O adapter, receiving the completion response from the I/O adapter, the completion response comprising an indicator that the request has been completed, the completion response in the format supported by the I/O bus and transmitting the completion response to the requester.

A system for implementing non-standard I/O adapters in a standardized I/O architecture, the system comprising an I/O adapter communicatively coupled to an I/O hub via an I/O bus, I/O adapter including logic for implementing a method, the method comprising receiving a request for an operation, the request indicating that a completion response to the request is required, the completion response comprising an address of the I/O adapter and a response code. The method further comprising determining that the operation does not generate the completion response, generating a new request, the new request in a format supported by the I/O bus, transforming the header of the new request to include the address of the I/O adapter; and sending the new request to the host system via the I/O bus.

Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention. For a better understanding of the invention with advantages and features, refer to the description and to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several FIGURES:

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a computer system that may be implemented in an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 a depicts a block diagram of a standard PCIe request header;

FIG. 2 b depicts a block diagram of a standard PCIe completion header;

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of I/O expansion logic for downbound request and completion processing;

FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of I/O expansion logic for upbound request and completion processing;

FIG. 5 depicts a process flow of an exemplary embodiment of I/O expansion logic for processing a request/response pair;

FIG. 6 depicts a process flow of an exemplary embodiment of I/O expansion logic for processing a response from an I/O expansion adapter; and

FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment transformed PCIe request header containing an I/O expansion response.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides for processing of I/O expansion responses for requests that do not support responses in a PCIe architecture, without requiring modification of the PCIe bus and PCIe switch infrastructure.

FIG. 1 depicts a computer system 100 that may be implemented by an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, the computer system 100 is a System z® server offered by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM®). System z is based on the z/Architecture® offered by IBM. Details regarding the z/Architecture are described in an IBM publication entitled, “z/Architecture Principles of Operation,” IBM Publication No. SA22-7832-07, February 2009, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In an exemplary embodiment, computer system 100 includes one or more central processing units (CPUs) 102 coupled to a system memory 104 via a memory controller 106. System memory 104 is accessed when a CPU 102, PCIe adapter 110, or I/O expansion adapter 111 issues a memory request (read or write) that includes an address used to access the system memory 104. The address included in the memory request is typically not directly usable to access system memory 104, and therefore, it requires translation to an address that is directly usable in accessing system memory 104. In an embodiment, the address is translated via an address translation mechanism (ATM) 108. In an embodiment, the ATM 108 translates the address from a virtual address to a real or absolute address using, for example, dynamic address translation (DAT).

The memory request, including the translated address, is received by the memory controller 106. In an embodiment, the memory controller 106 maintains consistency in the system memory 104 and arbitrates between requests for access to the system memory 104 from hardware and software components including, but not limited to, the CPUs 102, the PCIe adapters 110, and the I/O expansion adapters 111 known collectively as I/O adapters.

In an exemplary embodiment, the PCIe adapters 110 perform one or more PCIe I/O functions; and the I/O expansion adapters 111 are not PCIe compatible and perform one or more non-PCIe I/O functions. A memory request that is sent from one of the CPUs 102 to the PCIe adapters 110 or the I/O expansion adapters 111 (i.e., a downbound memory request) is first routed to an I/O hub 112 (e.g., a PCIe hub), which is connected to a PCIe bus 126 (also described herein as an I/O bus). The memory request is then sent from the PCIe bus 126 to one of the PCIe adapters 110 or to one of the I/O expansion adapters 111 via one or more PCIe switches 114. The PCIe bus 126 and PCIe switches 114 communicate in a standard PCIe format as is known in the art.

In an exemplary embodiment, the I/O hub 112 includes one or more state machines, and I/O expansion logic 122 for interpreting and transmitting I/O expansion operations, bi-directionally, between the host system 124 and the I/O expansion adapters 111. The host system 124 transmits requests to the I/O expansion adapters 111 in a format supported by the I/O expansion adapters 111 but incompatible (i.e. not supported) by the PCIe bus 126 and the PCIe switches 114. The I/O expansion logic 122 receives requests and responses from the host system 124 via the host bus 120 and transforms them into a format supported by the PCIe bus 126. As depicted in FIG. 1, the I/O expansion logic 122 includes both downbound expansion logic 128 and upbound expansion logic 130 which are shown as separate logic blocks, however portions or all of the logic within these blocks may overlap. The I/O hub 112 depicted in FIG. 1 also includes a root complex 116 that receives request and completions from one of the PCIe switches 114. Memory requests include an I/O address that may need to be translated, and thus, the I/O Hub 112 provides the address to an address translation and protection unit (ATP unit) 118. The ATP unit 118 is used to translate, if needed, the I/O address into to an address directly usable to access system memory 104.

An upbound memory request initiated from one of the PCIe adapters 110 or I/O expansion adapters 111, including the address (translated or initial address, if translation is not needed), is provided to the memory controller 106 via, for instance, the host bus 120. The memory controller 106 performs arbitration and forwards the memory request with the address to the system memory 104 at the appropriate time to the system memory 104.

In an exemplary embodiment, a memory request is initiated by one of the PCIe adapters 110, by one of the I/O expansion adapters 111, or by the host system 124. In an exemplary embodiment, there are two types of memory requests, posted requests and non-posted requests. Non-posted requests (e.g. memory reads) return a response called a completion that contains the requested data and information related to the status of the result of processing the associated memory request as will be described in more detail below. Posted transactions (e.g. memory writes) are similar to non-posted transactions except that the data is the payload and posted transactions do not return a completion packet. Therefore, any error that occurs during the posted transaction will be unknown to the requester. Both posted and non-posted requests flow through the PCIe infrastructure based on address information contained in their headers as will be described in more detail below.

While PCI defines only Memory Read and Posted Memory Write requests from the PCIe adapters 110 to the root complex 116, System z uses several higher function requests not defined by the PCI specification. All of these requests are various types of atomic requests used for locking protocols and bit manipulation.

One request is called Test and Set. This request operates like a memory read and includes a lock byte and a memory address. If the first byte of the target address (8 byte aligned) is zero, the lock byte is written into this first byte. The target data, up to 256 bytes in this implementation, is returned to the requester. A second request is called Test and Store. This request operates like a Memory Write with a payload of up to 256 bytes in this implementation. It differs from a Memory Write in that the first byte of the payload is used as a lock byte. If the first byte in the target address is zero, the payload is written into the target address. If the first byte in the target address is not zero, the payload is not written into the target address, and a response is generated indicating that the first target byte was not zero.

Three other requests manipulate bits in memory and one also causes an interruption. All three operate like Memory Write requests, and all three include a mask to indicate which target bits should be set or reset. In this implementation, the mask is 8 bytes. The Set Bit Request sets bits indicated by the mask at the target in memory. The Reset Bit Request resets bits indicated by the mask at the target memory. The Set Bit with Interrupt Request first sets bits indicated by the mask at the target in memory and then causes an interruption to the host processor.

Turning now to FIGS. 2 a and 2 b, a standard PCIe request and completion header will be described. A typical PCIe memory request includes a header, and if the request is a write, it also includes payload data. A typical PCIe memory completion for a read request includes a header and payload data. The standard PCIe request header 200 comprises a plurality of fields. As shown in the embodiment in FIG. 2 a, the first 4 bytes 202 of the standard 64 bit address PCIe request header 200 includes 8 reserved bits indicated by “R,” a format field describing the address length (32 or 64 bits) and whether the packet is a request or completion, a traffic class field (“TC”), a transaction layer packet digest (“TD”), a poison bit (“EP”), attributes (“Attr”), address type (AT), length in 4 byte increments, a requester ID 204 and a tag field 210 which together comprise the transaction ID, and last and first doubleword byte enables (Last DW BE and 1st DW BE). The requester ID field 204 includes information used by the routing mechanisms of the computer system 100 to identify the source of the request and to route a response, if provided, to the requester. The address field (206 and 208) comprises a set of high order bits 206 and a set of low order bits 208. Taken together the address field (206 and 208) indicates either the address of the PCIe adapter 110 or I/O expansion adapter 111 to which the request is directed for a downbound transaction, or the system memory address of the system memory 104 for an upbound transaction.

The completion packet generally comprises a header and payload (not shown) segment. FIG. 2 b depicts a standard PCIe completion header 250. The first 4 bytes 252 of the PCIe completion header 250 includes 9 reserved bits indicated by “R,” a Format field describing the address length (32 or 64 bits) and whether the packet is a request or completion, a traffic class field (“TC”), a transaction layer packet digest (“TD”), a poison bit (“EP”), attributes (Attr), length in 4 byte increments, a completer ID 254, completion status 258, byte count modified 260 (“BCM”), a byte count 262, a requester ID 256 and tag field 264 which comprises the transaction ID of the request, and the low order address 268 indicating the starting point of the payload data. The completer ID field 254 is the identification of the PCIe adapter 110 or I/O expansion adapter 111 or host that performed the completion. The requester ID 256 and Tag 264 of the PCIe completion header 250 contains the requester ID 204 and Tag 210 of the PCIe request header 200 to match memory completions to their corresponding memory requests. The requester ID 256 is used to route the completion information back to the originator of the memory request. The PCIe completion header 250 also includes a completion status field 258 for indicating if the request was completed successfully or if an error occurred while the adapter (PCIe adapter 110 or I/O expansion adapter 111) or host was processing the request.

Turning now to FIG. 3, an exemplary embodiment of the downbound expansion logic 128 (part of I/O expansion logic 122) depicted in FIG. 1 for interpreting and transmitting I/O expansion operations from the host bus 120 to the PCIe bus 126 will be described. I/O expansion operations include a plurality of memory requests (also referred to herein as “downbound requests”) and a plurality of responses (also referred to herein as “downbound responses”). The host bus 120 connects the host system 124 to the I/O hub 112 of FIG. 1 and provides transport services for directing requests and responses from the host system 124 to the PCIe adapters 110 and the I/O expansion adapters 111. The I/O expansion adapters 111 operate in a communication format which is incompatible (i.e. not supported) with the PCIe standard format used by the PCIe bus 126, therefore, transformation logic 132 executes within the I/O expansion adapters 111 to enable communication to the PCIe bus 126. The transformation logic 132 transforms (i.e. reformats) requests and responses in the I/O expansion adapter 111 to a format that can be interpreted by the PCIe bus 126. In an exemplary embodiment, the transformation logic 132 executes in logic circuits on the I/O expansion adapter 111. In an alternate embodiment, the transformation logic 132 executes on one or more specialized hardware circuits communicatively coupled to the I/O expansion adapters 111 and the PCIe bus 126. In an additional alternate embodiment, the transformation logic 132 executes as software in the I/O expansion adapter 111. Although downbound requests and downbound responses are operations that are both initiated by the host system 124, different process flows in the downbound expansion logic 128 are used to process each of the operations.

In an exemplary embodiment, a downbound request is placed onto the host bus 120. After a downbound request is placed on the host bus 120, the I/O hub 112 of FIG. 1 collects the downbound request and passes it to the downbound expansion logic 128. The downbound expansion logic 128 provides routing and transformation services based on information contained in the memory request. A downbound I/O expansion vector 304 is used to determine if the downbound request is being sent to one of the I/O expansion adapters 111 of FIG. 1. The downbound I/O expansion vector 304 retrieves information from a header of the downbound request, and using bit select logic 306 determines the destination of the downbound request. A cache inhibited (CI) load/store control 308 stores information related to downbound requests, such as a portion of the host address indicating the target I/O expansion adapter 111 and an operation code, if the host system 124 has indicated a response is required.

In an exemplary embodiment, a downbound request that is bound for one of the I/O expansion adapters 111 of FIG. 1 is transformed into a PCIe compatible downbound request by a multiplexor 312. In an additional embodiment, the CI load/store control 308 sets the opcode in the header of the memory request that is sent from the I/O hub 112 to the PCIe bus 126, this data is used to process an upbound response at block 310 as will be described in more detail in reference to FIG. 4.

In an exemplary embodiment, a downbound response is initiated from the host system 124 in response to completing a request from one of the I/O expansion adapters 111. The downbound response is placed on the host bus 120 and is collected by the I/O hub 112 and passed to the downbound expansion logic 128. A DMA completion table 320, as depicted in FIG. 3, contains records for all requests that are awaiting responses. In an exemplary embodiment the records in the DMA completion table 320 are updated to include information required to forward the downbound response from the host system 124 to the I/O expansion adapter 111. A response address table (RAT) 318 is used to lookup downbound response routing information. The address information is stored for requests sent from the I/O expansion adapters 111 to the host bus 120 (also referred to herein as “upbound requests”) as they are processed, as will be described in more detail below. The upbound processing logic transmits the address data to the RAT 318 at the appropriate processing step at block 316 as will be described in more detail below in reference to FIG. 4. Control logic 322 adds an operation code (also referred to herein as “opcode”) to the downbound response which is used by the I/O expansion adapters 111 to process the downbound response. In an exemplary embodiment the downbound expansion logic 128 is implemented in hardware circuits in the I/O hub, however, it will be understood that in alternate embodiments the downbound expansion logic may be executed as software in the hub or as a combination of hardware and software executing on the hub or other logic circuits as is known in the art.

Turning now to FIG. 4, an exemplary embodiment of the upbound expansion logic 130 (part of I/O expansion logic 122) depicted in FIG. 1 for interpreting and transmitting I/O expansion operations from the PCIe bus 126 to the host bus 120 will be described. These I/O expansion operations include a plurality of requests (also referred to herein as “upbound requests”) and a plurality of responses (also referred to herein as “upbound completions”). Both upbound requests and upbound completions are initiated by one ore more of the I/O expansion adapters 111. An upbound I/O expansion vector 422 is used to determine if the upbound request is being sent from one of the I/O expansion adapters 111. The upbound I/O expansion vector 422 retrieves information from a header of the upbound request, and using the bit select logic 424 determines the source of the upbound request. Once the source of the upbound request is determined, the address routing information is stored in the RAT 318 of FIG. 3, by transporting the data to the RAT 318 at block 416. A multiplexor 412 is used to extract the requester ID 204 from the PCIe request header 200 of FIG. 2 a from the upbound request. The requester ID 204 bus number is passed to the RAT 318. The requester ID 204 including the bus number, device number, and function number is passed from the multiplexor 412 to a requester ID content addressable memory (RID CAM) 414. The RID CAM 414 provides an index into the device table 402. The device table 402 is used to determine the virtual address of a particular function within the I/O expansion adapter 111 of FIG. 1 based on the requester ID 204. The data extracted from the device table 402 is modified by a multiplexor 410, and the output of the multiplexor 410 is used by a zone relocation table 404 to determine the correct address and partition of the host system 124 for which the request is to be sent. The operation code of the packet is processed by control logic 418 and is transformed into the appropriate I/O expansion operation code before being transmitted to the host bus 120.

In an exemplary embodiment, the upbound completions are processed as described above, however, the control logic 418 matches the upbound completion with a downbound request using data transmitted to it from the CI load/store control 308 at block 420 when the downbound request was processed as described above.

Turning now to FIG. 5, a detailed block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an I/O expansion response and request match processing flow will now be described. In an exemplary embodiment, the I/O expansion response and request match processing flow executes in the I/O expansion logic 122 of the I/O hub 112 of FIG. 1 and matches a downbound request with an upbound response (or upbound completion). At block 502, the I/O hub 112 receives a request from the host system 124. At block 504 the I/O hub 112 determines if the received request is an I/O expansion request. The I/O hub 112 uses bits in the address field of the host system 124 request received on the host bus 120 to index into the downbound I/O expansion vector 304 to determine if the request is an I/O expansion request. As used herein the term “I/O expansion request” refers to a request from the host system 124 to access a peripheral device attached to an I/O expansion adapter 111. If the I/O hub 112 determines that the request is not an I/O expansion request (if it is a PCIe request that can be serviced by a PCIe adapter 110, for example), the I/O hub 112 transmits the request over the PCIe bus 126 at block 518 to, for example, a PCIe adapter 110. If the I/O hub 112 determines that the request is an I/O expansion request at block 504, then at block 506, the I/O hub 112 determines if a response is required by the host system 124 by examining another address bit in the address field of the host system 124 request received on the host bus 120. If the I/O hub 112 determines that a response is not required, the I/O hub 112 transmits the request over the PCIe bus 126 at block 520. If the I/O hub 112 determines that a response is required at block 506, then at block 508 a response required indicator is stored at the I/O hub 112 in the CI load/store control 308 along with information about the request including an opcode of the operation to be performed according to the request, a portion of the address from the host system 124 request received on the host bus 120 to identify the destination I/O expansion adapter 111, and a tag sent on the PCIe bus 126. At block 510, the I/O hub 112 sends the request to the I/O expansion adapter 111 via the PCIe bus 126. At block 512, the I/O hub 112 continues to process additional requests and responses while waiting to match a response to the original request to the data stored at block 508. At block 514, a matching response is return by the I/O expansion adapter 111 and received by the I/O hub 112. At block 516 the response is matched to the request record stored at block 508 and at block 524 the transaction is flagged as complete in the I/O hub 112. The response is matched to the request by examining the response's RID bus number in the PCIe posted write request header and the tag value embedded into the PCIe header address. Logic in both the CI load/store control 308 and control logic 418 are used to provide this matching. At block 522, the response is returned to the host system 124.

In an additional embodiment, at block 506 the I/O hub 112 determines that the host system 124 requires only an acknowledgement of receipt of the request, and the I/O hub 112 returns a response to the host system 124 indicating that the request has been received.

Turning now to FIG. 6, a detailed block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an upbound I/O expansion response processing flow will now be described. In an exemplary embodiment, the upbound I/O expansion response processing flow executes in the I/O expansion logic 122 of the I/O hub 112 and the transformation logic 132 of the I/O expansion adapters 111 of FIG. 1 and transforms an upbound response into the format of the PCIe request header 200 of FIG. 2 a for I/O expansion transactions that require a response but for which a PCIe response is not supported (i.e. write requests). At block 602, the I/O expansion adapter 111 of FIG. 1 receives a request from the host system 124. At block 604 the transformation logic 132 of the I/O expansion adapter 111 transforms the request into a format supported by the I/O expansion adapter 111. At block 606, the I/O expansion adapter 111 processes the request. At block 608, the I/O expansion adapter 111 checks an indicator in the request to determine if a response is required. If a response is not required, processing ends at block 618. If a response is required the I/O expansion adapter 111 checks if the request is a write request at block 610. If the request is a not a write request (i.e. a read request) then the response is returned via the standard PCIe completion response at block 620. At block 612, if the request is determined to be a write request, the transformation logic 132 of the I/O expansion adapter 111 of FIG. 1 generates a new standard PCIe request including a PCIe request header 200 of FIG. 2 a.

At block 614, I/O expansion information from the response is embedded in a transformed PCIe request header, such as the transformed PCI request header 700 depicted in FIG. 7. The first 4 bytes of the PCIe request header 200 of FIG. 2 a remain unchanged and function in the same way as described above with regard to FIG. 2 a. As shown in FIG. 7, the requester ID field 204 of FIG. 2 a is replaced with two new fields, a request ID bus number field 702 and an operation code field 704. The request ID bus number field 702 is the PCI bus number of the responding I/O expansion adapter 111. The operation code field 704, is used to indicate the type of request that was completed by the I/O expansion adapter 111 and is used by one of the I/O hub 112 to indicate the type of response. The first three bits of the high order bits of the address field 206 of FIG. 2 a, are replaced with an indicator 706 to uniquely identify this posted memory request packet as a response to a downbound posted memory request to one of the I/O expansion adapters 111. The first bit (most significant) is always a 1 for all upbound packets. The address routing in the switches is configured to route all packets with the highest order address bit set to 1 towards the root complex 116 of FIG. 1. The next few bits differentiate the packet as either a DMA write or a special command such as a response, Atomic, Test and Set, Test and Store, etc. The low order bits of the address field 208 of FIG. 2 a are modified to include a response code field 708 for indicating the status of the completed request. Responses include good status and several bad status codes such as invalid address and general error, and a tag field 710 from the request for matching the response with the request. The rest of the bits are unused and are usually set to zero. The lowest order six address bit are set to zero to keep any payload on a 256 byte boundary. The reserved bits 216 of FIG. 2 a remains unchanged. Although specific modifications have been described, it will be understood that other fields or values in the request header could be modified or added in alternate embodiments while still preserving the functions described above.

Returning now to block 616 of FIG. 6, once the PCIe request header has been formatted and the I/O expansion response information embedded into a PCI formatted request, the request, including the transformed PCIe request header 700, is sent to the host system 124 via the I/O hub 112.

Technical effects and benefits include enabling the use of non-PCIe compatible I/O adapters to be implemented on a PCIe architecture along with PCIe compatible adapters without requiring modifications to the PCIe bus and PCIe switch mechanisms.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).

Aspects of the present invention are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

As described above, embodiments can be embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. In exemplary embodiments, the invention is embodied in computer program code executed by one or more network elements. Embodiments include a computer program product on a computer usable medium with computer program code logic containing instructions embodied in tangible media as an article of manufacture. Exemplary articles of manufacture for computer usable medium may include floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, universal serial bus (USB) flash drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code logic is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. Embodiments include computer program code logic, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code logic is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code logic segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for implementing non-standard input/output (I/O) adapters in a standardized I/O architecture, the system comprising: an I/O hub communicatively coupled to an I/O bus and a plurality of I/O adapters, the I/O hub including logic configured for implementing a method comprising: receiving a request from a requester to perform an operation on one of the plurality of I/O adapters, the request including an address field for storing a requestor address; determining that the request is in a format other than a format supported by the I/O bus; determining that the requester requires a completion response for the request, the determining based on a content of at least one bit in the address field; transforming the request into the format supported by the I/O bus; transmitting the transformed request to the I/O bus; receiving the completion response from an I/O adapter included in the plurality of I/O adapters, the completion response comprising an indicator that the request has been completed, the completion response in the format supported by the I/O bus; and transmitting the completion response to the requester.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the I/O bus is a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) bus.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the format of the request is an I/O expansion format.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of I/O adapters comprises at least one I/O expansion adapter and at least one PCIe adapter.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the transformed request is in a format not supported by the I/O adapter and the requester.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: determining that the request is a request to store data; and storing information about the requester in the I/O hub in response to the determining, the information comprising: the requester address; the operation code, the operation code identifying the operation that is to be performed; and an indicator indicating that a response is required.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the determining that the request is in a format other than a format supported by the I/O bus is based on the content of at least one bit in the address field.
 8. A system for implementing non-standard input/output (I/O) adapters in a standardized I/O architecture, the system comprising: an I/O hub communicatively coupled to an I/O bus and a plurality of I/O adapters, the I/O hub including logic configured for implementing a method comprising: receiving a request from a requester to perform an operation on one of the plurality of I/O adapters, the request including an address field for storing the requestor address; determining that the requester requires a completion response for the request, the determining based on a content of at least one bit in the address field; determining that the request is a request to store data; storing information about the requester in the I/O hub in response to the determining, the information comprising: the requester address; an operation code, the operation code identifying the operation that is to be performed; and an indicator indicating that a response is required; determining that the request is in a format other than a format supported by the I/O bus; transforming the request into the format supported by the I/O bus; transmitting the transformed request to the I/O bus; receiving the completion response from an I/O adapter included in the plurality of I/O adapters, the completion response comprising an indicator that the request has been completed, the completion response in the format supported by the I/O bus; and transmitting the completion response to the requester. 